<\/p>\n\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6606\u866b\u548c\u5934\u8db3\u7c7b\u3001\u4e24\u6816\u7c7b\u548c\u722c\u884c\u7c7b\u3001\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c\u54fa\u4e73\u7c7b\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u533a\u5206\u4e00\u7ec4\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u6216\u4e00\u4e32\u58f0\u97f3\u4e2d\u7684\u97f3\u8282\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u53ea\u6709\u201c\u5927\u4e8e\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5c0f\u4e8e\u201d\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5177\u5907\u5bf9\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u8fd1\u4f3c\u611f\u89c9\uff1a2\u4e0e3\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c15\u4e0e20\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u96c6\u5408\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8868\u5f81\uff08mental representation\uff09\u79f0\u4e3a\u6570\u611f\uff08numerosity\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7279\u4f26\u6258\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of Trento\uff09\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6Giorgio Vallortigara\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6b63\u5728\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u79cd\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u62bd\u8c61\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7b97\u672f\uff0c\u800c\u5c11\u6570\u7269\u79cd\u751a\u81f3\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5bf9\u201c\u96f6\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6570\u91cf\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u638c\u63e1\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u975e\u5e38\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5e74\u5e7c\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u6709\u65f6\u90fd\u96be\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u871c\u8702\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u96f6\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u96f6\u653e\u5728\u8111\u6d77\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u8f74\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e00\u6216\u4e8c\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u57286\u6708\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7\u300b\uff08Journal of Neuroscience\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4e4c\u9e26\u4e5f\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e09\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u7ec4\u7fa4\u2014\u2014\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u3001\u6606\u866b\u548c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u738b\u56fd\u4e2d\u591a\u6b21\u6f14\u5316\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u56f0\u60d1\u4e0d\u89e3\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u4e3a\u4f55\u8d4b\u4e88\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u591a\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u80fd\u529b\uff1f\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\u63ed\u793a\u4eba\u7c7b\u6570\u5b66\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u8d77\u6e90\uff1f\u95ee\u9898\u4ecd\u7136\u591a\u4e8e\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u5df2\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u6765\u4fee\u6b63\u548c\u62d3\u5c55\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u201c\u871c\u8702\u6216\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u8682\u8681\u7684\u5c0f\u5c0f\u8111\u888b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8ba9\u751f\u7269\u80fd\u591f\u8bfb\u61c2\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u673a\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\uff08University College London\uff09\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6Brian Butterworth\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u9c7c\u4f1a\u6570\u6570\u5417\uff1f\u300b\uff08Can Fish Count\uff09\u5373\u5c06\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5927\u7ea6120\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u67cf\u6797\uff0c\u4e00\u5339\u540d\u53eb\u201c\u806a\u660e\u7684\u6c49\u65af\u201d\uff08Clever Hans\uff09\u7684\u9a6c\u51fa\u4e86\u540d\uff1a\u5b83\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4f1a\u7b97\u672f\uff0c\u80fd\u7528\u8e44\u5b50\u6572\u51fa\u56db\u5219\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u540d\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u5f88\u5feb\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5b83\u5176\u5b9e\u53ea\u662f\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u9a6f\u517d\u5e08\u6216\u77e5\u9053\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u89c2\u4f17\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7ebf\u7d22\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u52a0\u6df1\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u6570\u5b66\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5047\u8bbe\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u6570\u91cf\u6982\u5ff5\u5177\u6709\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u201d\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u52a8\u7269\u53ea\u662f\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u80fd\u591f\u6839\u636e\u6570\u91cf\u6765\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u7ec4\u7684\u7269\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u66f4\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5927\u5c0f\u6216\u989c\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u4e4c\u9e26\u80fd\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u89c1\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u62e5\u6709\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u91cf\u6709\u54cd\u5e94\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u533a\u52064\u4e2a\u4e00\u7ec4\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u548c3\u4e2a\u62165\u4e2a\u4e00\u7ec4\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aCourtesy of Andreas Nieder<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5927\u8111\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e8e\u6570\u611f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u65f6\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u591f\u7cbe\u786e\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u533a\u5206\u76f8\u5dee\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u65f6\u6548\u7387\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6bd4\u8f836\u4e2a\u70b9\u4e0e3\u4e2a\u70b9\u8981\u6bd4\u6bd4\u8f836\u4e2a\u70b9\u4e0e5\u4e2a\u70b9\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u5f53\u4e24\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u5dee\u76f8\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u66f4\u52a0\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u5373\u533a\u520634\u4e2a\u548c38\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u8981\u6bd4\u533a\u52064\u4e2a\u548c8\u4e2a\u56f0\u96be\u5f97\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f18\u52bf\u548c\u5f31\u70b9\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u7334\u5b50\u7684\u524d\u989d\u53f6\u76ae\u8d28\u4e2d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u6570\u5b57\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u54cd\u5e94\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u3002\u5bf9\u5c4f\u5e55\u4e0a\u76843\u4e2a\u70b9\u6709\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\uff0c\u5bf92\u548c4\u4e5f\u6709\u5fae\u5f31\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u6570\u8f74\u4e0a\u66f4\u8fdc\u7684\u503c\uff08\u4f8b\u59821\u62165\uff09\u5219\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\uff08\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e5f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u6570\u611f\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5c06\u6570\u91cf\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u7b26\u53f7\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7ec4\u7fa4\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d1\u73b0\u4f3c\u4e4e\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf9\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u201c\u611f\u77e5\u201d\u662f\u4e0e\u751f\u4ff1\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6df1\u6df1\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u5185\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u3002\u201c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u611f\u77e5\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5fc3\u7406\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u201dVallortigara\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u65e6\u201c\u4f60\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u90fd\u6709\u5b8c\u6210\u6570\u5b57\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u597d\u5947\u2026\u2026\u9608\u503c\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f\u6781\u9650\u53c8\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f\u201d\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u8fea\u80af\u5927\u5b66\uff08Deakin University\uff09\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u540e\u7814\u7a76\u5458Scarlett Howard\u8bf4\uff0c\u5979\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u871c\u8702\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u52a8\u7269\u5177\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u3001\u5929\u751f\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u80fd\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u8fd8\u80fd\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9996\u5148\u662f\u7b97\u672f\u3002\u51e0\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5\u30022009\u5e74\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5e15\u591a\u74e6\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of Padova\uff09\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u65af\u514b\u6c83\u591a\u592b\u65af\u5361-\u5c45\u91cc\u884c\u52a8\u5168\u7403\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff08Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions global fellow\uff09Rosa Rugani\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u56e2\u961f\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5f53\u5b75\u5316\u6570\u5929\u7684\u5c0f\u9e21\u770b\u5230\u4e24\u7ec4\u5b83\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f62\u6210\u5370\u75d5\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u63a5\u8fd1\u6570\u91cf\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u56e2\u961f\u7528\u5c4f\u969c\u906e\u4f4f\u7269\u4f53\u7ec4\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u4e9b\u7269\u54c1\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c4f\u969c\u540e\u9762\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c4f\u969c\u540e\u9762\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u5c0f\u9e21\u4eec\u89c2\u770b\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u79fb\u52a8\u591a\u5c11\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u5c0f\u9e21\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u540e\u9762\u85cf\u7740\u66f4\u591a\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u5c4f\u969c\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u6267\u884c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u52a0\u6cd5\u6216\u51cf\u6cd5\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u4ee5\u8ffd\u8e2a\u6bcf\u7ec4\u9690\u85cf\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u65e0\u9700\u8bad\u7ec3\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u201c\u5b83\u4eec\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u5904\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u201dRugani\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u521a\u51fa\u58f3\u7684\u5c0f\u9e21\u4f1a\u5bf9\u9762\u524d\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u5f62\u6210\u5370\u75d5\u3002\u5e15\u591a\u74e6\u5927\u5b66\u5927\u5b66\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6Rosa Rugani\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5370\u75d5\u7684\u5c0f\u9e21\u6216\u80fd\u7528\u4ee3\u6570\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ffd\u8e2a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aRosa Rugani<\/p>\n
\u91ce\u751f\u7684\u7334\u5b50\u4e5f\u5177\u5907\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u8ba9\u7334\u5b50\u4eec\u770b\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u5c06\u51e0\u7247\u9762\u5305\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u76d2\u5b50\u91cc\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5b9a\u671f\u53d6\u51fa\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u7247\u6216\u51e0\u7247\u3002\u7334\u5b50\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u8fd8\u5269\u4e0b\u51e0\u7247\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u6301\u7eed\u5730\u9760\u8fd1\u76d2\u5b50\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7247\u88ab\u53d6\u51fa\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u51cf\u6cd5\u4ee5\u6307\u793a\u89c5\u98df\u3002<\/p>\n
\u800c\u871c\u8702\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b66\u4e60\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7b97\u672f\u30022019\u5e74\uff0cHoward\u548c\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u8bad\u7ec3\u871c\u8702\u6ce8\u610f\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u770b\u5230\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u989c\u8272\u548c\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728\u84dd\u8272\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e0a\u52a01\uff0c\u6216\u4ece\u9ec4\u8272\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e2d\u51cf1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u871c\u8702\u98de\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u4e09\u4e2a\u84dd\u8272\u7269\u4f53\u7684\u8ff7\u5bab\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8ba9\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u56db\u4e2a\u7269\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u56db\u4e2a\u7684\u90a3\u4e00\u7ec4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u201c\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e48\u591a\u3002\u201dHoward\u8bf4\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u91ce\u751f\u7684\u871c\u8702\u662f\u5426\u4e0d\u7ecf\u8bad\u7ec3\u5c31\u4f1a\u52a0\u51cf\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u4ece\u672a\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u4f46\u76f4\u5230\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u624d\u6709\u4e86\u5bfb\u627e\u5b83\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u871c\u8702\u5df2\u7ecf\u5177\u5907\u8fdb\u884c\u8ba1\u7b97\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6784\u5efa\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u201c\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u5904\u7684\u73af\u5883\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u5176\u8bad\u7ec3\u573a\u201d\uff0cHoward\u8865\u5145\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u5728\u884c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u871c\u8702\u8bc1\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u5177\u5907\u5bf9\u6570\u5b57\u201c\u96f6\u201d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u871c\u8702\u8fd8\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u4ecd\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u91ce\u5916\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aAnne Moffat for Quanta Magazine<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u73b0\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d\u66f4\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u80fd\u529b\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u30022015\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u5c0f\u9e21\u8fdb\u884c\u7b97\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6570\u5e74\u540e\uff0cRugani\u548c\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u628a\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u6570\u503c\u4e0e\u5de6\u4fa7\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6570\u503c\u5219\u4e0e\u53f3\u4fa7\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4eba\u7c7b\u4ece\u5c0f\u5230\u5927\u6392\u5217\u6570\u5b57\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u201c\u8fd9\u66fe\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u201d\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7687\u5bb6\u58a8\u5c14\u672c\u7406\u5de5\u5927\u5b66\uff08Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology\uff09\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6Adrian Dyer\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u662fHoward\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u751f\u5bfc\u5e08\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u871c\u8702\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u8bb8\u201c\u53ea\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u673a\u5236\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u201d\u3002\uff08Dyer\u6b63\u5728\u6d4b\u8bd5\u871c\u8702\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u8f74\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n
\u6606\u866b\u3001\u9e1f\u7c7b\u548c\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u8fd8\u80fd\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u5c06\u7b26\u53f7\u4e0e\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u50cf\u6559\u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\u4e00\u6837\u8bad\u7ec3\u871c\u8702\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u4ee3\u8868\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u3002\u201dDyer\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u7136\u540e\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u201d\u88ab\u8bad\u7ec3\u5c06\u6570\u91cf\u4e0e\u6570\u5b57\u7b26\u53f7\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u9ed1\u7329\u7329\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b66\u4e60\u6309\u5347\u5e8f\u89e6\u6478\u6570\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6b63\u5728\u63a2\u7d22\u5176\u4ed6\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u4efb\u52a1\u3002Rugani\u548c\u5979\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u6b63\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u7334\u5b50\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5c06\u6570\u91cf\u5747\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u8fa8\u8ba4\u201c\u4e2d\u95f4\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u7334\u5b50\u8ba1\u6570\u5e76\u6bd4\u8f83\u6570\u8f74\u4e0a\u4e24\u4fa7\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u3002\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u5979\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u7ed3\u679c\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u5979\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u8005\u4e00\u6b21\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3001\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6570\u611f\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u66f4\u62bd\u8c61\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8ba4\u77e5\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u795e\u7ecf\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u524d\u6cbf\u662f\u63a2\u7d22\u67d0\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u5bf9\u6570\u5b57\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u638c\u63e1\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u201c\u65e0\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6240\u6709\u6570\u5b57\u90fd\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3002\u6570\u5b57\u201c3\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e09\u4e2a\u70b9\uff0c\u4e09\u5f20\u6905\u5b50\u6216\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u201c\u62e5\u6709\u6570\u611f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u80fd\u591f\u8bc4\u4f30\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u5ba2\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u201dButterworth\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5f53\u871c\u8702\u6570\u82b1\u74e3\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u6735\u82b1\u90fd\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u82b1\u74e3\u7684\u6392\u5217\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u4e0e\u4f17\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u201c\u96f6\u975e\u5e38\u7279\u6b8a\uff0c\u201dRugani\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u611f\u77e5\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u611f\u77e5\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u5373\u4f7f\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e5f\u4e3a\u96f6\u611f\u5230\u56f0\u60d1\uff1a\u6bd4\u5982\u5e74\u5e7c\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u8d77\u521d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u4e0d\u628a\u7a7a\u96c6\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u76ee\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u7f3a\u7701\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u503c\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u901a\u5e384\u5c81\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u624d\u80fd\u638c\u63e1\u5982\u4f55\u6570\u6570\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u8fd8\u8981\u518d\u8fc72\u5e74\u624d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u96f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u96f6\u201c\u9700\u8981\u8d85\u8d8a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e16\u754c\u201d\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fe\u5bbe\u6839\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of T\u00fcbingen\uff09\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6Andreas Nieder\u8bf4\u3002\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u7a7a\u96c6\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u76ee\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u201c\u65e0\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u67d0\u7269\u6765\u8868\u793a\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53bb\u4e70\u96f6\u6761\u9c7c\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u56fe\u5bbe\u6839\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6Andreas Nieder\u7814\u7a76\u7334\u5b50\u548c\u4e4c\u9e26\u7684\u5927\u8111\u5982\u4f55\u8868\u5f81\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u96f6\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aAndreas Nieder<\/p>\n
\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4ed6\u8865\u5145\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5f53\u4f60\u56de\u987e\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u96f6\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u4e5f\u662f\u8f83\u665a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u201d\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u7ea67\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e2d\u628a\u96f6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u5b57\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fe\u5362\u5179\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of Toulouse\uff09\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u884c\u4e3a\u5b66\u5bb6Aurore Avargu\u00e8s-Weber\u548cHoward\u3001Dyer\u5408\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u871c\u8702\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4ece\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u96f6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u4f46Nieder\u6000\u7591\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f1a\u5c06\u96f6\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6570\u76ee\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u50cf\u4eba\u7c7b\u90a3\u6837\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u6765\u8868\u793a\u5b83\u3002\u679c\u7136\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u57282016\u5e74\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u7334\u5b50\u7684\u524d\u989d\u53f6\u76ae\u8d28\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u7c7b\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u504f\u7231\u96f6\u80dc\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u5b57\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u6570\u5b570\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u72af\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5c06\u7a7a\u96c6\u4e0e\u6570\u5b571\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u800c\u8f83\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u6570\u5b572\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u201c\u5b83\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7a7a\u96c6\u6216\u65e0\u662f\u6570\u8f74\u4e0a\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e1\u7684\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u201dNieder\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n
2018\u5e74\uff0cHoward\u3001Avargu\u00e8s-Weber\u3001Dye\u548c\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u5728\u871c\u8702\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u5bf9Howard\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u73b0\u8868\u660e\u201c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6570\u5b57\u8ba4\u77e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u5b57\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7406\u89e3\u201d\u662f\u4e0e\u751f\u4ff1\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u52a8\u7269\u738b\u56fd\u4e2d\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u7406\u89e3\u96f6\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6bd4\u4e4b\u524d\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u871c\u8702\u80fd\u6570\u5730\u6807\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5730\u6807\u662f\u4e00\u7ec4\u9ec4\u8272\u5e10\u7bf7\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b83\u4eec\u5bfc\u822a\u5230\u871c\u6e90\u5730\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aLars Chittka<\/p>\n
\u90a3\u9879\u5173\u4e8e\u871c\u8702\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u8868\u660e\u5927\u8111\u4ec5\u6709\u4e0d\u5230100\u4e07\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u80fd\u5c06\u96f6\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u76ee\uff08\u800c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5927\u8111\u6709860\u4ebf\u4e2a\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u56e0\u4e3a6\u4ebf\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u871c\u8702\u548c\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u5c31\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5c31\u5206\u9053\u626c\u9573\u4e86\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u5171\u540c\u7956\u5148\u201c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u80fd\u611f\u77e5\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u201dAvargu\u00e8s-Weber\u8bf4\uff0c\u66f4\u9051\u8bba\u8ba1\u6570\u3002Nieder\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u5728\u6606\u866b\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u63d0\u793a\u638c\u63e1\u7a7a\u96c6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e2d\u72ec\u7acb\u8fdb\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n
\u201c\u4e00\u5957\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u57fa\u7840\u2026\u2026\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5982\u6b64\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u201d\u82f1\u56fd\u8c22\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u5927\u5b66\uff08University of Sheffield\uff09\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6HaDi MaBouDi\u8bf4\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8fd8\u65e0\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u871c\u8702\u5728\u6267\u884c\u6570\u503c\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5f88\u96be\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd0\u7528\u96f6\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4e0e\u7334\u5b50\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u91cf\u5316\u201c\u65e0\u201d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5982\u4f55\u6f14\u5316\u3001\u4e3a\u4f55\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u5316\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u53bb\u63a2\u7d22\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5927\u8111\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6240\u4ee5\uff0cNieder\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u8f6c\u800c\u7814\u7a76\u4e4c\u9e26\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5171\u540c\u7956\u5148\u5df2\u7ecf\u6d88\u5931\u8d85\u8fc73\u4ebf\u5e74\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6f14\u5316\u51fa\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5927\u8111\u3002\u9e1f\u7c7b\u6ca1\u6709\u524d\u989d\u53f6\u76ae\u5c42\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u201c\u667a\u80fd\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201d\uff0cNieder\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u56de\u8def\u548c\u53d1\u80b2\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e8c\u8005\u5dee\u5f02\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4ecd\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u719f\u6089\u7684\u5bf9\u96f6\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u4e4c\u9e26\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u628a\u4e00\u5757\u767d\u677f\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\u5f04\u6df7\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u548c\u4e24\u4e2a\u3001\u4e09\u4e2a\u6216\u56db\u4e2a\u70b9\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\u4e4c\u9e26\u5927\u8111\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u73b0\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u4f4d\u4e8e\u76ae\u5c42\uff08pallium\uff09\u533a\u57df\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u5143\u5c06\u96f6\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u5b57\u4e00\u8d77\u8bc6\u522b\u4e3a\u6570\u76ee\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u7075\u957f\u7c7b\u7684\u524d\u989d\u53f6\u76ae\u8d28\u4e2d\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u201c\u4ece\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5730\u5951\u5408\u3002\u201dNieder\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u4e4c\u9e26\u7684\u5927\u8111\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u548c\u7334\u5b50\u7684\u5927\u8111\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u5e94\u7b54\u548c\u7f16\u7801\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u5982\u6b64\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5927\u8111\u5374\u6f14\u5316\u51fa\u4e86\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u201c\u8fd9\u5176\u5b9e\u5f88\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u5b83\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u201dAvargu\u00e8s-Weber\u8bf4\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u5927\u8111\u5904\u7406\u96f6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u751f\u7406\u4e0a\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5185\u90e8\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\u3002\u201c\u5efa\u7acb\u6570\u5b57\u7f16\u7801\u673a\u5236\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u80fd\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002\u201dVallortigara\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e4c\u9e26\u548c\u7334\u5b50\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5728\u7528\u540c\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u50cf\u96f6\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u7f16\u7801\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8fd9\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u201c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u5728\u751f\u7269\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u6765\u6267\u884c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u201dVallortigara\u8bf4\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5fc5\u987b\u7814\u7a76\u5176\u4ed6\u52a8\u7269\u6765\u5bfb\u627e\u5230\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u521a\u521a\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u5927\u8111\u76ae\u5c42\u300b\uff08Cerebral Cortex\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0cVallortigara\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u5728\u6591\u9a6c\u9c7c\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u6570\u611f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5927\u8111\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8be5\u52a8\u7269\u8bc4\u4f30\u96f6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u7279\u4f26\u6258\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6Giorgio Vallortigar\u548c\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u5728\u6591\u9a6c\u9c7c\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u6570\u611f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5927\u8111\u533a\u57df\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aCourtesy of Giorgio Vallortigara<\/p>\n
\u968f\u7740\u5bf9\u5176\u6570\u611f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u871c\u8702\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u4e00\u4e9b\u60ca\u559c\u3002\u5728\u53bb\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0cMaBouDi\u548c\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5f53\u5448\u73b0\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc74\u4e2a\u7269\u54c1\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u718a\u8702\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8ba1\u6570\u7b56\u7565\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u63d0\u793a\u871c\u8702\u638c\u63e1\u6570\u5b57\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u96f6\uff09\u7684\u673a\u5236\u53ef\u80fd\u786e\u5b9e\u4e0e\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u52a8\u7269\u5927\u8111\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u62bd\u8c61\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u66f4\u6839\u672c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u662f\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b83\u4e3a\u4f55\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u52a8\u7269\u5fc5\u987b\u8bc6\u522b\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u91cf\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6f14\u5316\u53cd\u590d\u786e\u4fdd\u52a8\u7269\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u7406\u89e34\u5c0f\u4e8e5\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u201c4\u4e2a\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u201d\u4e0e\u201c4\u4e2a\u5706\u5708\u201d\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u5728Vallortigara\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7b97\u672f\u6700\u7ec8\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u201c\u52a8\u7269\u603b\u662f\u8981\u638c\u63e1\u7b97\u672f\uff0c\u4f4e\u7ea7\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4e86\u5bf9\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u7b97\u672f\u5c31\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u201d\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4fe1\u606f\u5927\u5927\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5927\u8111\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u7136\u800cNieder\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u540c\u3002\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u52a8\u7269\u8feb\u5207\u5730\u9700\u8981\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u96f6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u4ee3\u8868\u201c\u65e0\u201d\u5c31\u8db3\u591f\u4e86\u3002\u201c\u6211\u60f3\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u5b58\u4e2d\u628a\u96f6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\uff0c\u5bf9\u96f6\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6570\u5b57\uff09\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u5927\u8111\u8ba4\u8bc6\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u9700\u8981\u30022019\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53Nieder\u548c\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7f51\u7edc\u6765\u8bc6\u522b\u56fe\u50cf\u4e2d\u7684\u7269\u4f53\u65f6\uff0c\u533a\u5206\u7269\u4f53\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u81ea\u53d1\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u66f4\u901a\u7528\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8eNieder\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u5929\u8d4b\u63d0\u793a\u201c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5927\u8111\u5929\u751f\u5177\u5907\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u2026\u2026\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6b63\u662f\u5b83\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5bf9\u6570\u5b570\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5c06\u6570\u91cf\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5dee\u5f02\u5de8\u5927\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u6570\u91cf\uff1b\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7b26\u53f7\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u201c5\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u4e0e\u6570\u5b575\u4e0d\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u201dNieder\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u800c\u4e14\u7a7a\u96c6\u4e5f\u4e0e0\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u5373\u4f7f\u52a8\u7269\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u5b66\u4f1a\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e\u7b26\u53f72\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u7269\u54c1\u4e0e3\u76f8\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u5c06\u4e8c\u8005\u76f8\u52a0\uff0c\u5f97\u52302+3=5\uff0c\u201dDyer\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u52a8\u7269\u4e2d\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b26\u53f7\u63a8\u7406\uff08symbolic reasoning\uff09\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8fd8\u672a\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u6570\u5b57\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u4e8e\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u6570\u5b57\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u3001\u66f4\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u64cd\u7eb5\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7528\u9014\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u79d1\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6570\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n
Nieder\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u96f6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u9610\u660e\u62bd\u8c61\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u5bf9\u5176\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u3001\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e4b\u4e2d\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u6b63\u9886\u5bfc\u7740\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u7d22\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7b26\u53f7\u4e0e\u975e\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u6570\u503c\u8868\u793a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
Vallortigara\u3001Butterworth\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u540c\u4e8b\u73b0\u5728\u6b63\u5728\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u4f26\u6566\u739b\u4e3d\u5973\u738b\u5927\u5b66\uff08Queen Mary University of London\uff09\u7684\u5206\u5b50\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6Caroline Brennan\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u6570\u5b66\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u6570\u5b66\u5b66\u4e60\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u5373\u8ba1\u7b97\u969c\u788d\uff08dyscalculia\uff09\u6709\u5173\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6b63\u5728\u64cd\u7eb5\u6591\u9a6c\u9c7c\u4e2d\u7684\u7b49\u6548\u57fa\u56e0\u3002\u201c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u201dVallortigara\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u8bc6\u522b\u5173\u4e8e\u6570\u5b57\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u771f\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a81\u7834\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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